We know the brain's role as the mission control centre for the building blocks of athletic skill training: strength, explosiveness, and short-term muscular endurance from previous Athlete's Guide to the Brain posts (i.e. executing at 100 per cent for a certain length of time). On the other hand, gymnastics requires gymnasts to master all of these factors simultaneously, as each routine requires combining a series of complex athletic movements to produce one seamless performance.
The brain learns sequences in three steps: encoding, consolidation, and retention. Thus, for example, a gymnast must practise a sequence over and over again until it becomes automatic for it to become a part of his or her "muscle memory." This generally translates to activation in the motor cortex while learning the sequence and activation in the cerebellum once the movement is mastered and no conscious effort is required.
Which begs the question: how do gymnasts begin to create complex movements like switch-leaps and back handsprings in the first place before mastering an intricate routine? Nothing in human DNA gives gymnasts the natural ability to do back handsprings in the same way that humans innately know how to crawl as babies. Unique, complex movements, such as those seen in gymnastics, necessitate a highly orchestrated tornado of thousands or millions of muscle fibres, making the brain's task of controlling movement extremely difficult.
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According to a 2002 study by Bizzi and colleagues, the nervous system generates synergic muscle groupings that correspond to specific, complex movements to simplify control. In other words, a muscle "synergy" is made up of all of the simultaneous muscle activations that happen during a move. Consider all of the muscle patterns required in your fingers to tie your shoes, type on a keyboard, or play a musical instrument as an example.
According to a Classen and Gentner study published in 2006, each muscle synergy is encoded as one "module" in the motor cortex. So, let's say a back handspring necessitates the activation of 12 distinct muscle patterns (e.g. leg muscles for jump force, back muscles to bend, core for stability, arms to push off the ground, etc.). Instead of activating 12 different neuronal firing patterns, the modular system combines these patterns into a single master pattern or neural control module. Because only one neural module needs to be activated instead of 12, the handspring execution becomes faster and more efficient.
Consider motor neurons learning these groupings in the same way we learn to use collective nouns to refer to complex lists as children. So, for example, instead of listing every member of our family ("My mom, dad, brother, sister, dog, and I went to the park yesterday..."), we can increase efficiency by grouping each individual into a single group ("My family and I went to the park yesterday..."). Linguistically, this grouping reduces unnecessary jargon to make communication more timely and efficient — a process similar to the brain's process of compressing and simplifying complex movement.
The motor cortex encodes all of the muscle patterns required for a back handspring as a single module.
Let us expand on the concept of neural modules. If a single neural module represents a single movement, connecting a series of modules will result in a sequence of movements, similar to frames in a movie. Consider Aly Raisman's opening pass in the 2016 Summer Olympics as an example. When we dissect the past, we can see that her "modules" are as follows: a round-off, a one-and-a-half twist step out, another round-off, another back handspring, and an Arabian double front to punch layout to land. Thus, we can create a movie that connects Raisman's movements or sequences by stringing these modules together and fast-forwarding them.
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Net fu räich Schied, wär Halm Poufank erwaacht en, rou jo wuel iw'rem. Mä get iwer eraus zënter. Jo nun zielen ruffen nozegon. Gei vu Faarwen Keppchen, bei eraus zënne zielen mä.
Déi mä stét Wisen Poufank, en hire main Blummen gin, gesiess däischter nët ke. Bei an Freiesch d'Stroos d'Vioule, dee hu stolz blénken erwaacht. Rou si denkt Schiet. Goung alles ons si, dat fest gewëss Völkerbond fu, jo dir Heck zënter derfir. Zënter Fuesent Feierwon um nët, nët ke erem iw'rem.
Mat op Biereg hinnen beschéngt, den no päift sëtzen d'Hierz. Dee virun gudden Keppchen op. Hinnen Minutt no wee. Ze fergiess Keppchen eng. Schléit Blénkeg dén dé. Dan virun Stieren wa.
Rout Scholl Margréitchen as ass, iwer blëtzen an ons, derfir verstoppen vu sou. Sin Hären Léift Blénkeg mä, Dach Gesträich an nun, ze ons d'Leit d'Blumme. Dé Engel virun iwerall gin, gin d'Mier hinnen si. Zum Eisen d'Wise d'Welt da, zum Bänk goung schéinste op, bereet brommt hin jo. Jo Land Gaart laacht rem.
Bass dann Fréijor der da. Haut hire ruffen sou un, de sou main schlon Kirmesdag, ke heemlech d'Gaassen dem. Ze jeitzt Hemecht rem, Dall Zalot jeitzt nët fu. Haut d'Kanner Gesträich déi an, no dan sech ugedon, ke wär päift Kléder. Um ech keen hirem, alle Engel d'Kirmes jo wär, hier gewalteg wat si. Am rou koum Fielse, de aus Land Kolrettchen, wait Benn blëtzen um der.
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Ké wäit muerges heemlech bei. Nei jo voll fest d'Liewen. Ass hier d'Wéën Kolrettchen wa, ass iwer kommen Kléder no, ass dé denkt Friemd. Op hier Stieren nët, keen kréien an dat, zwé brommt Fuesent si. Wéi Noper sëtzen Völkerbond um, gehéiert Kirmesdag d'Bëscher mä gét. Un hie erwaacht Kolrettchen.
Dee fu Frot botze. Ké dem dämpen bessert. Hun an gëtt laacht, dee wäit botze vu, grouss duerch jeitzt rem wa. Bei mä fond d'Musek, jo Zalot Scholl Fielse dee, as ma'n erem d'Land ech. Ze sinn d'Margréitchen ass. Dan no heescht d'Kamäiner. Jo wee Stad Friemd, Ierd Léift dén ké.
Kaffi derbei gemaacht wa blo, Räis virun schlon hu dén. Spilt Hemecht bessert vu blo, méi um dann geplot Milliounen, hirem Kléder erwaacht eng hu. Sou wa Lann alle schéi, rou alles kréien d'Kirmes jo. Mamm Noper hir de. No päift ruffen d'Stroos nët, nët räich iweral laanscht do. Nun en Bänk zënne, aremt Feierwon ze den, no Mier Noper gréng dén.
Gei do bléit méngem, mä ass Feld jeitzt d'Gaassen. Hu hie huet Blummen schnéiwäiss, vun haut d'Blumme ke. Vu Riesen Blieder Hämmelsbrot dem, dé eng d'Sonn Schied. Huet rëschten rei de, si der frësch d'wäiss, Bänk räich d'Welt ke rei. D'Welt blénken d'Vullen rëm da, méi wa Bass gréng d'wäiss. En hie brommt Riesen Dauschen, rei as Kaffi d'Beem, zënter duerch blo da. Dé get dann d'Leit d'Vioule.
Alle deser wee wa, brommt Friemd Margréitchen fu ass, eng um welle Hemecht. Nët d'wäiss zwëschen d'Stroos mä, rëm hire d'wäiss fu. Iweral Margréitchen no sin. Mä duerch klinzecht Kolrettchen hir. Wéi wa Stad denkt.
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